Tribulus terrestris (TT), commonly known as puncture vine, Gokshura, or goat’s head, is a small leafy plant that grows in various parts of the world including Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. This herb has been used for centuries in traditional medicine systems, particularly in Traditional Chinese Medicine and Indian Ayurveda, for treating various conditions including sexual dysfunction, urinary disorders, and as a general tonic. In recent decades, TT has gained significant popularity as a dietary supplement, particularly among athletes and bodybuilders seeking natural testosterone enhancement.
The Composition and Traditional Uses
Tribulus terrestris contains over 70 compounds, with steroidal saponins (particularly protodioscin) and flavonoids being the most significant active constituents. The particular composition varies based on geographical origin, with different regions producing plants with varying levels of active compounds. The root and fruit of the plant contain the highest concentration of these bioactive substances, which are believed to be responsible for its purported health benefits.
Traditionally, TT has been utilized for a variety of conditions including:
- Treatment of sexual difficulties and impotence
- Enhancing vitality and energy
- Addressing urogenital disorders
- Supporting cardiovascular health
- Reducing inflammation and chronic pain
The Testosterone Boosting Claims
The modern marketing of Tribulus terrestris centers around its alleged ability to increase testosterone levels. The theoretical mechanism suggests that the steroidal saponins in TT, particularly protodioscin, may stimulate the release of luteinizing hormone (LH), which subsequently signals the testis to produce more testosterone. Additionally, TT may enhance athletic performance, promote muscle growth, and improve recovery after exercise.
Tribulus Terrestris’s take on Increase Testosterone in Humans
Tribulus terrestris is often promoted as a natural testosterone booster, but current evidence doesn’t support this claim. A comprehensive review of 12 clinical studies involving men and women between the ages of 14 and 60 found no meaningful increase in testosterone levels after using the supplement. These trials ranged from 2 to 90 days in duration and included both healthy individuals and those experiencing sexual dysfunction.
While some animal studies suggest a possible rise in testosterone, similar results have not been replicated in human trials. Despite bold marketing promises, TT does not reliably elevate testosterone in humans, regardless of age or health status.
Some studies have shown modest effects of testosterone in specific populations. One study reported a significant increase in testosterone levels in premenopausal women after three months of TT treatment.
This systematic review evaluated the effectiveness and safety of Tribulus terrestris for treating female sexual dysfunction (FSD). Five randomized controlled trials involving 279 women were included, showing some improvement in sexual function scores and serum testosterone levels, particularly in premenopausal women after 1–3 months of treatment. No serious adverse events were reported, but the certainty of evidence was very low due to methodological limitations and small sample sizes. Meta-analysis was not possible due to data heterogeneity.
Tribulus Terrestris May Support Libido
Although it doesn’t seem to raise testosterone, Tribulus terrestris might still have a role in enhancing sexual desire. Studies show that men with low libido who took 750–1,500 mg daily for two months experienced up to a 79% increase in sexual desire. Similarly, around 67% of women with low libido reported significant improvements after supplementing with 500–1,500 mg daily for 90 days.
The herb has also been associated with better sexual satisfaction and arousal in women. However, results related to erectile dysfunction in men are mixed- some studies found no benefits at 800 mg per day, while others reported improved erections and satisfaction at a higher dose of 1,500 mg.
Takeaway: TT may help improve libido in both women and men, particularly at higher doses, but its effectiveness for treating erectile dysfunction remains uncertain. More high-quality research is needed to confirm its sexual health benefits.
Animal vs. Human Studies
A 2014 systematic review published in the Journal of Dietary Supplements examined the evidence surrounding Tribulus terrestris (TT) and its reputation as a natural testosterone enhancer. Analyzing 11 qualifying studies- including randomized controlled trials in humans and animals- the review found that while some animal studies reported increased testosterone levels after TT supplementation, human studies showed no such effect unless TT was part of a multi-ingredient formula.
Variations in study design, duration, and dosage prevented meta-analysis. Overall, the review concluded that current scientific evidence does not support claims that TT raises testosterone levels in humans. Marketing claims are therefore considered unsubstantiated. Notably, TT’s potential effects may instead be linked to nitric oxide release, which could explain some observed physiological responses.
Benefits Beyond Testosterone
While the evidence for testosterone enhancement is weak, research suggests TT may offer other health benefits:
1. Sexual Function Improvement
Multiple studies indicate that TT may improve sexual desire, increase sexual satisfaction, and reduce symptoms of erectile dysfunction in men, as well as enhance libido in women. These effects appear most pronounced in individuals experiencing some form of sexual dysfunction and may be independent of any effects of testosterone.
2. Reproductive Health
This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the profertility and aphrodisiac effects of Tribulus terrestris L. (TT) using 30 preclinical and clinical studies. TT significantly improved sperm concentration, motility, and viability in both humans and animal models. It also enhanced sexual performance indicators such as mounting and intromission frequency while reducing latency in castrated and normal rodents.
While TT showed inconsistent effects on testosterone, LH, and FSH levels, its aphrodisiac properties were evident. The active compound protodioscin likely contributes to these effects via antioxidant activity, Ca²⁺ regulation, and nitric oxide pathways. TT shows promising potential in male reproductive health.
3. Metabolic Health
Tribulus terrestris may support heart and metabolic health. Beyond its reputation for enhancing libido, Tribulus terrestris may offer benefits for heart health and blood sugar regulation. In a clinical study involving 98 women with type 2 diabetes, daily supplementation with 1,000 mg of T. terrestris over three months resulted in notable reductions in both blood glucose and cholesterol levels compared to a placebo group. Similarly, animal studies suggest the herb may help lower blood sugar, protect blood vessels from damage, and prevent spikes in cholesterol.
While early results are encouraging, especially for people with diabetes, more human studies are needed to confirm these effects and determine appropriate dosing.
Safety and Side Effects
Most clinical trials report that TT supplementation causes minimal side effects and is generally well-tolerated. However, isolated reports of toxicity exist, and in vitro studies have shown potential cytotoxic, genotoxic, and endocrine-disrupting effects, though their relevance to humans remains unclear. Common dosages in clinical studies range from 750-1,500 mg daily, with 750 mg being the most frequently studied dose.
Based on the current scientific evidence, Tribulus terrestris does not appear to significantly boost testosterone levels in humans, despite widespread marketing claims to the contrary. While some limited studies show modest effects in specific populations, the majority of well-designed research indicates minimal to no impact on testosterone levels, particularly in healthy men and athletes.
However, TT may offer benefits beyond testosterone enhancement, particularly for sexual function, reproductive health, and certain metabolic parameters. These effects appear to occur through mechanisms independent of testosterone modulation, possibly involving nitric oxide pathways and anti-inflammatory properties.
For individuals seeking natural testosterone enhancement, the current evidence does not support TT as an effective option. Those interested in TT for its other potential benefits should consult healthcare providers before supplementation, particularly given the variable quality and composition of commercial supplements.
Disclaimer: The Statement has not been evaluated by the EFSA, KFDA or FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. While the information provided is based on credible references, we do not make any specific claims or guarantees. It is important to consult with your healthcare advisor for personalized advice and guidance related to your health.
Reference:
- Insights into Supplements with Tribulus Terrestris used by Athletes
- Clinical Assessment of Tribulus terrestris Extract in the Treatment of Female Sexual Dysfunction
- Chemical Constituents, Biological Properties, and Uses of Tribulus terrestris: A Review
- A systematic review on the herbal extract Tribulus terrestris and the roots of its putative aphrodisiac and performance enhancing effect
- The Profertility and Aphrodisiac Activities of Tribulus terrestris L.: Evidence from Meta-Analyses
- The Effects of 6 Weeks of Tribulus terrestris L. Supplementation on Body Composition, Hormonal Response, Perceived Exertion, and CrossFit® Performance: A Randomized, Single-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study
- Testosterone Boosters: How Real Are Their Effects?
- How much Tribulus terrestris should I take daily?
- A Comprehensive Review of the Phytochemical, Pharmacological, and Toxicological Properties of Tribulus terrestris L.
- Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of Tribulus terrestris in male sexual dysfunction-A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
- Effects of Tribulus terrestris L. on Sport and Health Biomarkers in Physically Active Adult Males: A Systematic Review
- Influence of Tribulus terrestris extract on lipid profile and endothelial structure in developing atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta of rabbits on a high-cholesterol diet
- Efficacy of the Hydroalcoholic Extract of Tribulus terrestris on the Serum Glucose and Lipid Profile of Women With Diabetes Mellitus: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial
- Pro-sexual and androgen enhancing effects of Tribulus terrestris L.: Fact or Fiction
- Tribulus terrestris for treatment of sexual dysfunction in women: randomized double-blind placebo – controlled study
